![]() Several inventors followed Sturgeon in the development of DC motors, but all encountered the same battery cost issues. Due to the high cost of primary battery power, the motors were commercially unsuccessful and bankrupted Davenport. The motors ran at up to 600 revolutions per minute, and powered machine tools and a printing press. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor was built by American inventor Thomas Davenport and Emily Davenport, which he patented in 1837. The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Barlow's wheel was an early refinement to this Faraday demonstration, although these and similar homopolar motors remained unsuited to practical application until late in the century. ![]() This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments, substituting brine for (toxic) mercury. Faraday published the results of his discovery in the Quarterly Journal of Science, and sent copies of his paper along with pocket-sized models of his device to colleagues around the world so they could also witness the phenomenon of electromagnetic rotations. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire. ![]() A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet (PM) was placed. The first demonstration of the effect with a rotary motion was given by Michael Faraday on 3 September 1821 in the basement of the Royal Institution. It only took a few weeks for André-Marie Ampère to develop the first formulation of the electromagnetic interaction and present the Ampère's force law, that described the production of mechanical force by the interaction of an electric current and a magnetic field. Hans Christian Ørsted discovered in 1820 that an electric current creates a magnetic field, which can exert a force on a magnet. The invention of the electrochemical battery by Alessandro Volta in 1799 made possible the production of persistent electric currents. Due to the difficulty of generating the high voltages they required, electrostatic motors were never used for practical purposes. This law was discovered independently by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb in 1785, who published it so that it is now known with his name. The theoretical principle behind them, Coulomb's law, was discovered but not published, by Henry Cavendish in 1771. The first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices described in experiments by Scottish monk Andrew Gordon and American experimenter Benjamin Franklin in the 1740s. Magnetic solenoids are also transducers that convert electrical power to mechanical motion, but can produce motion over only a limited distance.įaraday's electromagnetic experiment, 1821, the first demonstration of the conversion of electrical energy into motion īefore modern electromagnetic motors, experimental motors that worked by electrostatic force were investigated. ![]() An electric motor is generally designed for continuous rotation, or for linear movement over a significant distance compared to its size. In certain applications, such as in regenerative braking with traction motors, electric motors can be used in reverse as generators to recover energy that might otherwise be lost as heat and friction.Įlectric motors produce linear or rotary force ( torque) intended to propel some external mechanism, such as a fan or an elevator. Small motors may be found in electric watches. The largest are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications with output exceeding 100 megawatts.Īpplications include industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, vehicles, and disk drives. Standardized motors provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use. They can be powered by AC or DC, be brushed or brushless, single-phase, two-phase, or three-phase, axial or radial flux, and may be air-cooled or liquid-cooled. An electric generator is mechanically identical to an electric motor, but operates with a reversed flow of power, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.Įlectric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as a power grid, inverters or electrical generators.Įlectric motors may be classified by considerations such as power source type, construction, application and type of motion output. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft. Animation showing operation of a brushed DC electric motorĪn electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
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